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Why Does AI Need HBM? How High Bandwidth Memory Breaks the Memory Wall

HBM solves AI's core bottleneck—the memory wall—by stacking DRAM on a wide silicon-interposer bus beside the GPU, lifting bandwidth from 256 GB/s (HBM2) to 2 TB/s (HBM4) and capacity from 8GB to 64GB, though supply stays concentrated in three makers led by SK Hynix's 58% share.